Submissions from 2016
A histopathological outlook on nephrotic syndrome: A pediatric perspective, M K. Arif, M Arif, and N Amjad
Unusual Presentation of Dengue Fever: A child with acute myocarditis, Moaz Aslam, Numra A. Aleem, Mohammad F. Zahid, and Arshalooz J. Rahman
Neonatal mortality within 24 hours of birth in six low- and lower-middle-income countries., Abdullah H. Baqui, Dipak K. Mitra, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Fyezah Jehan, Muhammad Ilyas, Murtaza Ali, Imran Ahmed, Shabina Arif, Sajid B. Soofi, and Sachiyo Yoshida
Antenatal dietary education and/or balanced nutritional supplementation benefits at-risk women and infants, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Children of war: urgent action is needed to save a generation, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Integrated Strategies to Address Maternal and Child Health and Survival in Low-Income Settings: Implications for Haiti, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Mapping the geography of child mortality: a key step in addressing disparities, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Nutrition: How will the next 'Decade of Nutrition' be different from the past one?, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Using life saving commodities to save lives globally, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
What does India need to do to address childhood malnutrition at scale?, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Moving ahead: what will a renewed Countdown to 2030 for Women and Children look like?, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta and Mickey Chopra
Twelve years on: a call for papers for another special collection of articles on South Asia, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Samiran Nundy, and Kamran Abbasi
Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development, Pia R. Britto, Stephen J. Lye, Kerrie Proulx, Aisha K. Yousafzai, Stephen G. Matthews, Tyler Vaivada, Rafael Perez-Escamilla, Nirmala Rao, Patrick Ip, Lia C H Fernald, and Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Methods Employed in Monitoring and Evaluating Field and Laboratory Systems in the ANISA Study: Ensuring Quality, Nicholas E. Connor, Mohammad Shahidul Islam, Melissa L. Arvay, Abdullah H. Baqui, Anita K. Zaidi, Sajid B. Soofi, Pinaki Panigrahi, Anuradha Bose, Maksuda Islam, and Shams El Arifeen
Early childhood development: the foundation of sustainable development, Bernadette Daelmans, Gary L. Darmstadt, Joan Lombardi, Maureen M. Black, Pia R. Britto, Stephen Lye, Tarun Dua, and Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Stop stunting: Pakistan perspective on how this could be realized, Jai K. Das, Abdul Baseer Khan Achakzai, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Global challenges in acute diarrhea, Jai K. Das and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Improving Access and Reducing Childhood Deaths due to Pneumonia, Jai K. Das and Rehana A. Salam
Interventions for Adolescent Substance Abuse: An Overview of Systematic Reviews, Jai K. Das, Rehana A. Salam, Ahmed Arshad, Yaron Finkelstein, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Improve Access and Coverage of Adolescent Immunizations, Jai K. Das, Rehana A. Salam, Ahmed Arshad, Zohra S. Lassi, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Interventions for Adolescent Mental Health: An Overview of Systematic Reviews, Jai K. Das, Rehana A. Salam, Zohra S. Lassi, Marium Naveed Khan, Wajeeha Mahmood, Vikram Patel, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Global research priorities to accelerate early child development in the sustainable development era, Tarun Dua, Mark Tomlinson, Elizabeth Tablante, Pia Britto, Aisha Khizar Yousafzai, Bernadette Daelmans, and Gary L. Darmstadt
P-0039 Outcome of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia from three urban centers of low middle income country, Zehra Fadoo, Muhammad Imran Nisar, M. shamvil, U. Imam, and Asim Belgaumi
Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study, Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration, Christina Fitzmaurice, Christine Allen, Ryan M. Barber, Lars Barregard, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Hermann Brenner, Daniel J. Dicker, Odgerel Chimed-Orchir, and Rakhi Dandona
Prevalence and predictors of iron deficiency anemia in children under five years of age in Pakistan, a secondary analysis of national nutrition survey data 2011–2012, Atif Habib, Kirsten Black, Sajid Bashir Soofi, Imtiaz Hussain, Zaid Bhatti, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, and Camille Raynes- Greenow
Effect of booster doses of poliovirus vaccine in previously vaccinated children, clinical trial results 2013, Atif Habib, Sajid Soofi, Ondrej Mach, Tariq Samejo, Didar Alam, Zaid Bhatti, William C. Weldon, Steven M. Oberste, Roland Sutte, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Knowledge Of Maintenance Intravenous Fluid Therapy In Acutely Ill Hospitalized Children Among Residents, Anwarul Haque, Sadiq Mirza, Sidra Kaleem Jafri, Faizia Naseem, Khalid Mahmood Khan, Muhammad Faheem Afzal, and Muhammad Haroon Hamid
Genomic diversity of EPEC associated with clinical presentations of differing severity, Tracy H. Hazen, Michael S. Donnenberg, Sandra Panchalingam, Martin Antonio, Anowar Hossain, Inacio Mandomando, John Benjamin Ochieng, Shahida Qureshi, Farheen Quadri, and Anita K. M. Zaidi
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection and its association with heritable connective tissue disorders, Stanislav Henkin, Sara M. Negrotto, Marysia S. Tweet, Salman Kirmani, David R. Deyle, Rajiv Gulati, Timothy M. Olson, and Sharonne N. Hayes
Classification of Blood Culture Isolates Into Contaminants and Pathogens on the Basis of Clinical and Laboratory Data, Belal Hossain, Martin W. Weber, Davidson H. Hamer, Patricia L. Hibberd, A S M Ahmed, Mahfuza Marzan, Maksuda Islam, Nicholas E. Connor, Mohammad Shahidul Islam, and Anita K. Zaidi
Routine immunization services in Pakistan: seeing beyond the numbers, S Husain and S B. Omer
Mumps myocarditis: a forgotten disease?, Sheraz Hussain, Mohammad Faizan Zahid, Arshalooz J. Rahman, Mehnaz A. Atiq, and S. H. Ibrahim
Evolution of atypical enteropathogenic E. coli by repeated acquisition of LEE pathogenicity island variants, Danielle J. Ingle, Marija Tauschek, David J. Edwards, Dianna M. Hocking, Derek J. Pickard, Kristy I. Azzopardi, Thakshila Amarasena, Vicki Bennett-Wood, Jaclyn S. Pearson, Boubou Tamboura, Martin Antonio, John B. Ochieng, Joseph Oundo, Inácio Mandomando, Shahida Qureshi, Thandavarayan Ramamurthy, Anowar Hossain, Karen L. Kotloff, James P. Nataro, Gordon Dougan, Myron M. Levine, Roy M. Robins-Browne, and Kathryn E. Holt
Association of plasma cytokines with radiological recovery in pulmonary tuberculosis patients, Najeeha Talat Iqbal, Rabia Hussain, Firdaus Shahid, and Ghaffar Dawood
Clinical characteristics of childhood cancer in emergency room in a tertiary hospital in Pakistan, Amna Jawaid, Khubaib Arif, Nick Brown, and Zehra Fadoo
Frequency and outcome of meningitis in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Pakistan, Amna Jawaid, Surriya Bano, Anwarul Haque, and Khubaib Arif
Norovirus infection and acquired immunity in 8 countries: Results from the MAL-ED study, Furqan Kabir, Adil Kalam, Pascal Bessong Pascal Bessong, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Anita K. M. Zaidi, (MAL-ED) Network Investigators, Imran Ahmed, Didar Alam, Syed Asad Ali, Shahida Qureshi, Muneera Rasheed, Sajid Bashir Soofi, Ali Turab, and Aisha Khizar Yousafzai
Effect of mobile phone text messages reminders on uptake of routine immunization among children in Pakistan- Study protocol for a randomized clinical trial, Abdul Momin Kazi, Murtaza Ali, Khurram Zubair, Hussain Kalimuddin, and Syed Asad Ali
The use of mobile phones in polio eradication, Abdul Momin Kazi and Lubna Ashraf Jafri
Point-of-care lactate measurement in resource-poor settings, Muhammad Waqas Khan, Nick Brown, and Asad Mian
The feasibility of community level interventions for pre-eclampsia in South Asia and sub-saharan Africa: A mixed-methods design, Asif Raza Khowaja, Rahat Najam Qureshi, Diane Sawchuck, Olufemi T. Oladapo, Olalekan O. Adetoro, Elizabeth A. Orenuga, Mrutyunjaya Bellad, Ashalata Mallapur, Umesh Charantimath, and Esperanca Sevene
Community's perceptions of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Sindh Pakistan: A qualitative study, Asif Raza Khowaja, Rahat Najam Qureshi, Sana Sheikh, Shujaat Zaidi, Rehana Salam, Diane Sawchuck, Marianne Vidler, Peter von Dadelszen, and Zulfiqar Bhutta
Systematic review on human resources for health interventions to improve maternal health outcomes: Evidence from low- and middle-income countries, Zohra S. Lassi, Nabiha B. Musavi, Blerta Maliqi, Nadia Mansoor, Andres de Francisco, Kadidiatou Toure, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
A comparison of diarrheal severity scores in the MAL-ED multisite community-based cohort study, Gwenyth O. Lee, Stephanie A. Richard, Gagandeep Kang, Eric R. Houpt, Jessica C. Seidman, Laura L. Pendergast, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Tahmeed Ahmed, Estomih R. Mduma, and Aldo A. Lima
Simplified antibiotic regimens for treatment of clinical severe infection in the outpatient setting when referral is not possible for young infants in Pakistan (Simplified Antibiotic Therapy Trial [SATT]): a randomised, open-label, equivalence trial, Fatima Mir, Imran Nisar, Shiyam S. Tikmani, Benazir Baloch, Sadia Shakoor, Fyezah Jehan, Imran Ahmed, Simon Cousens, and Anita K M Zaidi
Hypermanganesemia with dystonia, polycythemia and cirrhosis (HMDPC) due to mutation in the SLC30A10 gene, Khairunnisa Mukhtiar, Shahnaz Ibrahim, Karin Tuschl, and Phillipa Mills
Safety netting through the prevention and detection of child abuse in low and middle income countries: Lessons from Pakistan, Kanwal Nayani, Muhammad Akbar Baig, Nick Brown, and Asad Mian
Predictors of diarrheal mortality and patterns of caregiver health seeking behavior in in Karachi, Pakistan, Farah Naz Qamar, Umber Zaman, Farheen Quadri, Asia Khan, Babar Tasneem Shaikh, Iqbal Azam, Dilruba Nasrin, Karen Kotloff, Myron Levine, and Nick Brown
Health care seeking behaviours in pregnancy in rural Sindh, Pakistan: A qualitative study, Rahat Najam Qureshi, Sana Sheikh, Asif Raza Khowaja, Zahra Hoodbhoy, Shujaat Zaidi, Diane Sawchuck, Marianne Vidler, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, and Peter von Dadeslzen
Epidemiology and impact of campylobacter infection in children in 8 low-resource settings: Results from the MAL-ED Study, Shahida Qureshi, Aneeta Hotwani, Sadia Shakoor, (MAL-ED) Network Investigators, Imran Ahmed, Didar Alam, Syed Asad Ali, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Muneera Rasheed, Sajid Bashir Soofi, Ali Turab, and Anita K. M. Zaidi
Centralized Data Management in a Multicountry, Multisite Population-based Study, Qazi Sadeq-ur Rahman, Mohammad Shahidul Islam, Belal Hossain, Tanvir Hossain, Nicholas E. Connor, Md Jahiduj Jaman, Md Mahmudur Rahman, A S M Ahmed, Imran Ahmed, and Murtaza Ali
Investing in the foundation of sustainable development: pathways to scale up for early childhood development, Linda M. Richter, Bernadette Daelmans, Joan Lombardi, Jody Heymann, Florencia Lopez Boo, Jere R. Behrman, Chunling Lu, Jane E. Lucas, Rafael Perez-Escamilla, Tarun Dua, and Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Laboratory Methods for Determining Etiology of Neonatal Infection at Population-based Sites in South Asia: The ANISA Study, Samir K. Saha, Mohammad Shahidul Islam, Shahida M. Qureshi, Belal Hossain, Maksuda Islam, Anita K. Zaidi, Joyanta K. Modak, Hasan M. Al-Emran, Maureen H. Diaz, and Lesley McGee
Interventions to Prevent Unintentional Injuries Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Rehana A. Salam, Ahmed Arshad, Jai K. Das, Marium Naveed Khan, Wajeeha Mahmood, Stephen B. Freedman, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Adolescent Health and Well-Being: Background and Methodology for Review of Potential Interventions, Rehana A. Salam, Jai K. Das, Zohra S. Lassi, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Adolescent Health Interventions: Conclusions, Evidence Gaps, and Research Priorities, Rehana A. Salam, Jai K. Das, Zohra S. Lassi, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Improving Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Systematic Review of Potential Interventions, Rehana A. Salam, Anadil Faqqah, Nida Sajjad, Zohra S. Lassi, Jai K. Das, Miriam Kaufman, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Interventions to Improve Adolescent Nutrition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Rehana A. Salam, Mehar Hooda, Jai K. Das, Ahmed Arshad, Zohra S. Lassi, Philippa Middleton, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Potential for task-sharing to lady health workers for identification and emergency management of pre-eclampsia at community level in Pakistan, Rehana A. Salam, Rahat Najam Qureshi, Sana Sheikh, Asif Raza Khowaja, Diane Sawchuck, Marianne Vidler, Peter von Dadelszen, Shujaat Zaidi, and Zulfiqar Bhutta
Implementation of the ANISA Study in Karachi, Pakistan: Challenges and Solutions, Yasir Shafiq, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Abdul Momin Kazi, Murtaza Ali, Saima Jamal, Muhammad Ilyas, Fyezah Jehan, Shazia Sultana, Shahida M. Qureshi, and Aneeta Hotwani
Diagnostic methods to determine microbiology of postpartum endometritis in South Asia: laboratory methods protocol used in the Postpartum Sepsis Study: A prospective cohort study, Sadia Shakoor, Megan E. Reller, Amnesty LeFevre, Aneeta Hotwani, Shahida M. Qureshi, Farheen Yousuf, Mohammad Shahidul Islam, Nicholas Connor, Iftekhar Rafiqullah, and Fatima Mir
Health care provider knowledge and routine management of pre-eclampsia in Pakistan, Sana Sheikh, Rahat Najam Qureshi, Asif Raza Khowaja, Rehana Salam, Marianne Vidler, Diane Sawchuck, Peter von Dadelszen, Shujat Zaidi, and Zulfiqar Bhutta
Evaluation of the uptake and impact of neonatal vitamin A supplementation delivered through the Lady Health Worker programme on neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality in rural Pakistan: an effectiveness trial, Sajid Soofi, Shabina Ariff, Kamran Sadiq, Atif Habib, Zaid Bhatti, Imran Ahmad, Masawar Hussain, Nabeela Ali, Simon Cousens, and Zulfiqar A Bhutta
Stop stunting: Situation and way forward to improve maternal, child and adolescent nutrition in Afghanistan, Ariel Higgins Steele, Piyali Mustaphi, Sherin Varkey, Humayoun Ludin, Najibullah Safi, and Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Environmental enteric dysfunction in children, Sana Syed, Syed Asad Ali, and Christopher Duggan
Genetics of Puberty, Shehla Tabassum and Salman Kirmani
Effects of responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions on children's development and growth at age 4 years in a disadvantaged population in Pakistan: a longitudinal follow-up of a cluster-randomised factorial effectiveness trial, Aisha K. Yousafzai, Jelena Obradovic, Muneera A. Rasheed, Arjumand Rizvi, Ximena A. Portilla, Nicole Tirado-Strayer, Saima Siyal, and Uzma Memon
Cost of management of severe pneumonia in young children: Systematic analysis, Shanshan Zhang, Peter M. Sammon, Isobel King, Ana Lucia Andrade, Cristiana M. Toscano, Sheila N. Araujo, Anushua Sinha, Shabir A. Madh, Gulam Khandaker, Jiehui Kevin Yin, Robert Booy, Tanvir M. Huda, Qazi S. Rahman, Shams El Arifeen, Angela Gentile, Norberto Giglio, Mejbah U. Bhuiyan, Katharine Sturm Ramirez, Bradford D. Gessner, Mardiati Nadjib, Phyllis J. Carosone– Link, Eric AF Simões, Jason A. Child, Imran Ahmed, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, and Sajid Bashir Soofi
Publications from 2015
Accidental phosphine gas poisoning with fatal myocardial dysfunction in two families, Saleem Akhtar, Arshalooz Rehman, Surraya Bano, and Anwarul Haque
Congenital factor VII deficiency in children at tertiary health care facility in Pakistan, Muhammad Matloob Alam, Bushra Moiz, Karim Abdur Rehman, Priyanka Jethwani, and Zehra Fadoo
Impact of withholding breastfeeding at the time of vaccination on the immunogenicity of oral rotavirus vaccine--a randomized trial, Asad Ali, Abdul Momin Kazi, Margaret M. Cortese, Jessica A. Fleming, SungSil Moon, Umesh D. Parashar, Baoming Jiang, Monica M. McNeal, Duncan Steele, and Zulfiqar Bhutta
Urban and rural comparison of vitamin D status in Pakistani pregnant women and neonates, S Anwar, M P Iqbal, I Azam, Atif Habib, S Bhutta, S B Soofi, and Z Bhutta
Hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy II, a rare disease in a large Pakistani family, Fazal M. Arain and Prem Chand
Systematic review of the global epidemiology, clinical and laboratory profile of enteric fever, Asma Azmatullah, Farah Naz Qamar, Durrane Thaver, Anita Km Zaidi, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Overcrowding in the emergency departments: Challenges and opportunities for improvement, Muhammad Akbar Baig, Asad Mian, Fatima Najeeb, and Hira Shahzad
To CPR or not to CPR? that is the question, Muhammad Akbar Baig, Asad Mian, and Hira Shahzad
Distinctive hemodynamics in the immediate postoperative period of patients with a longer cardiac intensive care stay post–tetralogy of fallot repair, Kisha A Beg, Anwarul Haque, Muneer Amanullah, and Sobia N Laique
Streamlining pediatric emergency medicine at a tertiary-care hospital of a low- to middle-income country, Salima Ahmed Bhimani, Nick Brown, and Asad Mian
Routine iron supplementation for non-anaemic pregnant women in developed countries needs evaluation, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Premature abandonment of global vitamin A supplementation programmes is not prudent!, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta and Shawn K. Baker
What can Pakistan do to address maternal and child health over the next decade?, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta and Assad Hafeez
How can verbal autopsy guide perinatal care in low-income and middle-income countries?, Nick Brown
Pulmonary fibrosis in dyskeratosis congenita: Report of 2 cases, Leah A. Dvorak, Robert Vassallo, Salman Kirmani, Geoffrey Johnson, Thomas E. Hartman, Henry D. Tazelaar, Kevin O. Leslie, Thomas V. Colby, Donald W. Cockcroft, Andrew M. Churg, and Eunhee S. Yi
Clinical features and induction outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a lower/middle income population: A multi-institutional report from Pakistan, Zehra Fadoo, Imran Nisar, Fatimah Yousuf, Laila Saleem Lakhani, Shamvil Ashraf, Uzma Imam, Junaid Zaheer, Ahmed Naqvi, and Asim Belgaumi
Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheters in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Patients in Tertiary Care Setting: A Developing Country Experience, Zehra Fadoo, Muhammad I. Nisar, Raza Iftikhar, Sajida Ali, Naureen Mushtaq, and Raza Sayani
Millennium development goals 4 and 5: past and future progress, Michelle F. Gaffey, Jai . K. Das, and Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
Zinc supplementation fails to increase the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine: a randomized controlled trial, Atif Habib, S Soofi, A. Sheraz, Z.S. Bhatti, H. Okayasu, S.Z. Zaidi, N.A. Molodecky, M.A. Pallansch, R.W. Sutter, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Autoimmune pancreatitis mimicking Klatskin tumour on radiology, Yousaf Bashir Hadi, Abdul Malik Amir Sohail, and Zishan Haider
Etiology of bacteremia in young infants in six countries, Davidson H. Hamer, Gary L. Darmstadt, John B. Carlin, Anita K M Zaidi, Kojo Yeboah-Antwi, Samir K. Saha, Pallab Ray, Anil Narang, Eduardo Mazzi, and Praveen Kumar
Clinical profiles and outcomes of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit from the emergency department, Anwarul Haque, Naveed ur Rehman Siddiqui, Sidra Kaleem Jafri, Mehar Hoda, Surraiya Bano, and Asad Mian
Association between vasoactive-inotropic score and mortality in pediatric septic shock, Anwarul Haque, Naveed ur Rehman Siddiqui, Owais Munir, Sarah Saleem, and Asad Mian
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection and heritable connective tissue disease, Stanislav Henki, Sara Negrotto, Marysia Tweet, Salman Kirmani, Rajiv Gulati, Timothy Olson, and Sharonne Hayes
Interplay of chemo attractant peptides (cathelicidin and chemerin) with vitamin-D in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, Najeeha Talat Iqbal, Syeda Sadia Fatima, Rabia Hussain, Nisar Ahmed Rao, Narius Virji, Bushra Jamil, and Muhammad Irfan
Glucose monitoring during Ramadan, Abdul Jabbar
Haematological causes of thrombocytopenia in children at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Amna Jawaid
Outcome of pediatric procedural sedation & analgesia in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan, Humaira Jurair, Amyna Bhimani, and Anwar-Ul-Haque
Typhoid vaccine introduction: an evidence-based pilot implementation project in Nepal and Pakistan, M. Imran Khan, Alfred Pach, Ghulam Mustafa Khan, Deepak Bajracharya, Sushant Sahastrabuddhe, Waqaas Bhutta, Rehman Tahir, Sajid Soofi, Chandra B. Thapa, Nilesh Joshi, Mahesh K. Puri, Parisha Shrestha, Shyam Raj Upreti, John D. Clemens, Zulfiqar Bhutta, and R. Leon Ochia
Frequency and mortality associated with hyperglycemia in critically Ill children, Sabeen Abid Khan, Mohsina Noor Ibrahim, and Anwarul Haque
Routine EPI coverage: subdistrict inequalities and reasons for immunization failure in a rural setting in Pakistan, Asif Raza Khowaja, Umber Zaman, Asher Feroze, Arjum Rizvi, and Anita K M Zaidi
Screening for G6PD deficiency among neonates with neonatal jaundice admitted to tertiary care center: a need in disguise, Kishwer Kumar, Arjumand Sohaila, Shiyam Sunder Tikmani, Iqtidar Ahmed Khan, and Anila Zafar