The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology plays a key role in the overall mission of the Aga Khan University and the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. We are a diverse community of women’s health care professionals who partner with our patients to deliver world-class, evidence-based comprehensive care to women across their lifespan.

Follow

Submissions from 2006

Link

Where Have All the Condoms Gone in Adolescent Programmes in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Marleen Bosmans, Marie Noël Cikuru, Patricia Claeys, and Marleen Temmerman

PDF

Antibiotic susceptibility of Atopobium vaginae, Ellen De Backer, Rita Verhelst, Hans Verstraelen, Geert Claeys, Gerda Verschraegen, Marleen Temmerman, and Mario Vaneechoutte

Link

HIV impact on acute morbidity and pelvic tumor control following radiotherapy for cervical cancer, Peter Gichangi, Job Bwayo, Benson Estambale, Khama Rogo, Eliud Njuguna, Shadrack Ojwang, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Monitoring reproductive health in Europe—what are the best indicators of reproductive health?, Albrecht Jahn, Kitty W.M. Bloemenkamp, Philip Hannaford, Jorn Olsen, Miguel Oliveira da Silva, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Sexual and Reproductive Health of Asylum-seeking and Refugee Women in Europe: Entitlements and Access to Health Services, Kristin Janssens, Marleen Bosmans, Els Leye, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Analysis of Perinatal Mortality at a Teaching Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1999-2003, Hussein Kidanto, Siriel Massawe, Lennarth Nyström, and Gunilla Lindmark

Link

Health Care in Europe for Women with Genital Mutilation, Els Leye, Richard A. Powell, Gerda Nienhuis, Patricia Claeys, and Marleen Temmerman

PDF

Right ectopic gestation following in vitro fertilisation: case report, R. B. Parkar and Yamal Patel

PDF

A knowledge, attitudes, and practice survey among obstetrician-gynaecologists on intimate partner violence in Flanders, Belgium, Kristien Roelens, Hans Verstraelen, Kathia Van Egmond, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

A sensitive in-house RT-PCR genotyping system for combined detection of plasma HIV-1 and assessment of drug resistance., Kim Steegen, Els Demecheleer, Nancy De Cabooter, Dieudonné Nges, Marleen Temmerman, Peter Ndumbe, Kishor Mandaliya, Jean Plum, and Chris Verhofstede

Link

Where have all the condoms gone in adolescent programmes in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Marleen Temmerman, Marleen Bosmans, Marie Noël Cikuru, and Patricia Claeys

Link

Low Use of skilled attendants' delivery services in rural Kenya, Marleen Temmerman, Kristen Cotter, and Mark Hawken

Link

Implementation of single-dose nevirapine for prevention of MTCT of HIV - lessons from Cape Town : scientific letter, Marleen Temmerman, Wim Delva, and Beverly Draper

Link

Quality and quantity of antenatal HIV counsellling in a PMTCT programme in Mombasa, Marleen Temmerman, Wim Delva, Lillian Mutunga, and Ann Quaghebeur

Link

Haptoglobin polymorphism in patients with preeclampsia, Marleen Temmerman, Herman T. Depypere, Michel R. Langlois, oris R. Delanghe, and Marc Dhont

Link

Reproductive health indicators in the European Union: The REPROSTAT project, Marleen Temmerman, Lauren Beth Foster, Philip Hannaford, Adriano Cattaneo, Jørn Olsen, Kitty W.M. Bloemenkamp, Albrecht Jahn, and Miguel Oliveira da Silva

Link

Acceptability of human immunodeficiency virus testing in patients with invasive cervical cancer in Kenya, Marleen Temmerman, P. Gichangi, B. Estambale, J. Bwayo, K. Rogo, E. Njuguna, and S. Ojwang

Link

Monitoring reproductive health in Europe—what are the best indicators of reproductive health?, Marleen Temmerman, Albrecht Jahn, Kitty W.M. Bloemenkamp, Philip Hannaford, Jorn Olsen, and Miguel Oliveira da Silva

Link

A knowledge, attitudes, and practice survey among obstetrician-gynaecologists on intimate partner violence in Flanders, Belgium, Marleen Temmerman, Kristien Roelens, Hans Verstraelen, and Kathia Van Egmond

Link

Birthweight of singletons after assisted reproduction is higher after single- than after double-embryo transfer, Marleen Temmerman, Petra De Sutter, Ilse Delbaere, Jan Gerris, Hans Verstraelen, Sylvie Goetgeluk, Josiane Van der Elst, and Marc Dhont

PDF

Caesarian section rates and perinatal outcome at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Sikolia Wanyonyi, Evan Sequeira, and Timona Obura

Submissions from 2005

Link

Human papillomavirus DNA detection in women with primary abnormal cytology of the cervix: prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes., E. Beerens, L. Van Renterghem, M. Praet, Y. Sturtewagen, S. Weyers, Marleen Temmerman, H. Depypere, P. Claeys, and C. A. Cuvelier

Link

Antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy: Associated with early onset of HELLP syndrome and liver infarctions, Geert Braems, Nele Van Van Renterghem, Kristien Roelens, Rudy Van Den Broecke, Steven Weyers, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Human transferrin G277S mutation and iron deficiency in pregnancy., Joris Delanghe, Hans Verstraelen, Ilse Pynaert, Ludovic Debels, Youri Taes, Bruno Verhasselt, Stefaan De Henauw, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Thinking ahead the rising tide of AIDS orphans., Wim Delva, An Vercoutere, Isabelle Dehaene, Sara Willems, Marleen Temmerman, and Lieven Annemans

PDF

Comparison of pap smear, visual inspection with acetic acid, human papillomavirus DNA-PCR testing and cervicography, H De Vuyst, Patricia Claeys, S Njiru, L Muchiri, Sophia Steyaert, Petra De Sutter, E Van Marck, J Bwayo, and Marleen Temmerman

PDF

Increased risk of HIV in women experiencing physical partner violence in Nairobi, Kenya, Karoline Fonck, Leye Els, Nancy Kidula, Jeconiah Ndinya-Achola, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Associations of sexual risk taking among Kenyan female sex workers after enrollment in an HIV-1 prevention trial., Yadav, Geeta; Saskin, Refkin; Ngugi, Elizabeth; Kimani, Joshua; Keli, Florence; Fonck, Karolien; MacDonald, Kelly S; Bwayo, Job J; Marleen Temmerman; Moses, Stephen; and Kaul, Rupert

PDF

Comparison between Gram stain and culture for the characterization of vaginal microflora: Definition of a distinct grade that resembles grade I microflora and revised categorization of grade I microflora, Rita Verhelst, Hans Verstraelen, Geert Claeys, Gerda Verschraegen, Leen Van Simaey, Catharine De Ganck, Ellen De Backer, Marleen Temmerman, and Mario Vaneechoutte

Link

Subclinical iron deficiency is a strong predictor of bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy, Hans Verstraelen, Joris Delanghe, Kristien Roelens, Stijn Blot, Geert Claeys, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Preterm birth in twins after subfertility treatment: population based cohort study, Hans Verstraelen, Sylvie Goetgeluk, Catherine Derom, Stijn Vansteelandt, Robert Derom, Els Goetghebeur, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

The silent burden of gynaecological disease in low income countries, Gijs Walraven, Nadeem Zuberi, and Marleen Temmerman

Submissions from 2004

Link

Low efficacy of nevirapine (HIVNET012) in preventing perinatal HIV-1 transmission in a real-life situation., Quaghebeur Ann, Mutunga Lillian, Mwanyumba Fabian, Verhofstede Chris, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

The efficacy-effectiveness gap in PMTCT, Wim Delva and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Reproductive health in Afghanistan: results of a knowledge, attitudes and practices survey among Afghan women in Kabul., Kathia Van Egmond, Marleen Bosmans, Ahmad Jan Naeem, Patricia Claeys, Hans Verstraelen, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Monthly Antibiotic Chemoprophylaxis and Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV-1 Infection in Kenyan Sex Workers, Rupert Kaul, Joshua Kimani, Nico J. Nagelkerke, Karoline Fonck, Elizabeth N. Ngugi, Florence Keli, Kelly S. MacDonald, Ian W. Maclean, Job J. Bwayo, Marleen Temmerman, Allan Ronald, and Stephen Moses

Link

Monthly antibiotic chemoprophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 infection in Kenyan sex workers: a randomized controlled trial, Rupert Kaul, Joshua Kimani, Nico J. Nagelkerke, Karoline Fonck, Elizabeth N. Ngugi, Florence Keli, Kelly S. MacDonald, Ian W. Maclean, Job J. Bwayo, Marleen Temmerman, Allan R. Ronald, and Stephen Moses

Link

Controlling congenital syphilis in the era of HIV/AIDS., Saiqa Mullick, Nathalie Broutet, Ye Htun, Marleen Temmerman, and Francis Ndowa

Link

More selective antenatal coagulation screening tests could reduce costs and save time without compromising maternal safety, Alfred Murage and M. Gaudoin

Link

Mortality of infected and uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis, Marie-Louise Newell, Hoosen Coovadia, Marjo Cortina-Borja, Nigel Rollins, Philippe Gaillard, Francois Dabis, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Late Postnatal Transmission of HIV-1 in Breast-Fed Children: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis, Jennifer S and Marleen Temmerman

PDF

Delayed childbearing and maternal mortality, Marleen Temmerman, Hans Verstraelen, Guy Martens, and A Bekaert

Link

Cloning of 16S rRNA genes amplified from normal and disturbed vaginal microflora suggests a strong association between Atopobium vaginae, Gardnerella vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis., Rita Verhelst, Hans Verstraelen, Geert Claeys, Gerda Verschraegen, Joris Delanghe, Leen Van Simaey, Catharine De Ganck, Marleen Temmerman, and Mario Vaneechoutte

PDF

Signs and symptoms of urethritis and cervicitis among women with or without Mycoplasma genitalium or Chlamydia trachomatis infection, Rita Verhelst, Hans Verstraelen, Geert Claeys, Gerda Verschraegen, Joris Delanghe, Leen Van Simaey, Catharine De Ganck, Marleen Temmerman, and Mario Vaneechoutte

Link

Culture-independent analysis of vaginal microflora: The unrecognized association of Atopobium vaginae with bacterial vaginosis., Hans Verstraelen, Rita Verhelst, Geert Claeys, Marleen Temmerman, and Mario Vaneechoutte

Link

Bacterial vaginosis: not a risk factor for preterm birth?, Hans Verstraelen, Hans Verstraelen, and Marleen Temmerman

Submissions from 2003

Link

Impact of HIV infection on invasive cervical cancer in Kenyan women, Gichangi, Peter B; Bwayo, Job; Estambale, Benson; De Vuyst, Hugo; Ojwang, Shadrack; Rogo, Khama; Abwao, Henry; and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Performance of the acetic acid test when used in field conditions as a screening test for cervical cancer., P. Claeys, H. De Vuyst, C. Gonzalez, A. Garcia, R. E. Bello, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Integration of cervical screening in family planning clinics, P. Claeys, H. De Vuyst, G. Mzenge, J. Sande, V. Dhondt, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Knowledge and practice about cervical cancer and Pap smear testing among patients at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya, P. Gichangi, B. Estambale, J. Bwayo, K. Rogo, S. Ojwang, A. Opiyo, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Cesarean scar dehiscence and irregular uterine bleeding., A Van Horenbeeck, Marleen Temmerman, and M Dhont

Link

Placental Malaria and Perinatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1., Ingrid Inion, Fabian Mwanyumba, Philippe Gaillard, Varsha Chohan, Chris Verhofstede, Patricia Claeys, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, Eric Van Marck, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Placental inflammation and perinatal outcome, F. Mwanyumba, I. Inion, P. Gaillard, K. Mandaliya, M. Praet, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource poor settings: how to improve coverage?, Marleen Temmerman, Ann Quaghebeur, Fabian Mwanyumba, and Kishor Mandaliya

Link

Diversity of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) env Sequence after Vertical Transmission in Mother-Child Pairs Infected with HIV-1 Subtype A, Chris Verhofstede, Els Demecheleer, Nancy De Cabooter, Philippe Gaillard, Fabian Mwanyumba, Patricia Claeys, Varsha Chohan, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, Marleen Temmerman, and Jean Plum

Link

Diversity of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) env Sequence after Vertical Transmission in Mother-Child Pairs Infected with HIV-1 Subtype A, Chris Verhofstede, Els Demecheleer, Nancy De Cabooter, Philippe Gaillard, Fabian Mwanyumba, Patricia Claeys, Varsha Chohan, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, Marleen Temmerman, and Jean Plum

Link

Prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in fetal varicella syndrome: correlation with pathology findings., Hans Verstraelen, Bart Vanzieleghem, Paul Defoort, Piet Vanhaesebrouck, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Distribution of Human Papillomavirus in a family planning population in Nairobi, Kenya, HUGO DE VUYST, SOPHIA STEYAERT, LIEVE VAN RENTERGHEM, PATRICIA CLAEYS, LUCY MUCHIRI, SUSAN SITATI, STIJN VANSTEELANDT, WIM QUINT, BERNARD KLETER, ERIC VAN MARCK, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Active management of third stage of labour: misoprostol or oxytocin?, Peter Wangwe, Hussein Kidanto, Projestine Muganyizi, and Jos van Roosmalen

Link

Miniature, Low-Dose, Intrauterine Drug-Delivery Systems, D. WILDEMEERSCH, M. DHONT, S. WEYERS, and Marleen Temmerman

Submissions from 2002

Link

Belgian Parliament calls for organized cervical cancer screening and HPV research throughout Europe., Marc Arbyn and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Parliament calls for organised cervical cancer screening and HPV research, Marc Arbyn and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis and susceptibility to fluconazole in women, Tiene G.M. Bauters, Marc A. Dhont, Marleen Temmerman, and Hans J. Nelis

Link

Determinants of cervical cancer screening in a poor area: results of a population-based survey in Rivas, Nicaragua., P. Claeys, C. Gonzalez, M. Gonzalez, H. Page, R. E. Bello, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Prevalence and risk factors of sexually transmitted infections and cervical neoplasia in women’s health clinics in Nicaragua., P Claeys, C Gonzalez, M Gonzalez, L Van Renterghem, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Health seeking and sexual behaviour among primary healthcare patients in Nairobi, Kenya., Karoline Fonck, Charles Mwai, Jackoniah Nndinya-Achola, Job Bwayo, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

HIV and cervical cancer in Kenya., P. Gichangi, H. De Vuyst, B. Estambale, K. Rogo, J. Bwayo, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Opportunity for prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in Kenyan youth: Results of a population-based survey, Mark P. Hawken, Reinhilde D J Melis, Diana T. Ngombo, Kishorchandra N. Mandaliya, Lucy W. Ng'ang'a, Jessica Price, Gina Dallabetta, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Part-time female sex workers in a suburban community in Kenya: a vulnerable high-risk group, M P. Hawken, R D J Melis, D T. Ngombo, K Mandaliya, L W. Ng’ang’a, J Price, G Dallabetta, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Brief report: Reduced HIV risk-taking and low HIV incidence after enrolment and risk-reduction counselling in a sexually transmitted disease prevention trial in Nairobi, Kenya, Rupert Kaul, Joshua Kimani, Nico J. Nagelkerke, Karoline Fonck, Florence Keli, Kelly S. MacDonald, Allan R. Ronald, Francis A. Plummer, Job J. Bwayo, Elizabeth N. Ngugi, Marleen Temmerman, and Stephen Moses

Link

Placental inflammation and perinatal transmission of HIV-1., Fabian Mwanyumba, Philippe Gaillard, Chris Verhofstede, Patricia Claeys, Varsha Chohan, Stijn Vansteelandt, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, Marleen Praet, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Editorial: Zidovudine to prevent mother-to-infant HIV transmission in developing countries: any questions?, P. Van der Stuyft, M. Boelaert, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Treatment of bacterial vaginosis with a bioadhesive tablet with Metronidazole., Jody Voorspoels, Martine Casteels Casteels, Jean Paul Remon, and Marleen Temmerman

Submissions from 2001

Link

Modified Granada Agar Medium for the detection of group B streptococcus carriage in pregnant women, G. Claeys, G. Verschraegen, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Sexually transmitted infections and reproductive health in Azerbaijan., PATRICIA CLAEYS, RACHAD ISMAILOV, SUSAN RATHE, AMINA JABBAROVA, GEERT CLAEYS, KAROLINE FONCK, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Sexually Transmitted Infections and Vaginal Douching in a population of female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya., K Fonck, R Kaul, F Keli, J J. Bwayo, E N. Ngugi, S Moses, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Rate of Caesarean Section as a Process Indicator of Safe-motherhood Programmes: The Case of Kenya, P. Gichangi, L. Apers, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Syphilis control in pregnancy: Effectiveness and sustainability of a decentralized program., Fonck K, P Claeys, F Bashir, J Bwayo, L Fransen, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Trends in Caesarean Section Rates at a Maternity Hospital in Mumbai, India, A. Mehta, L. Apers, H. Verstraelen, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Vaginal lavage with chlorhexidine during labour to reduce mother to child HIV transmission: clinical trial in Mombasa, Kenya., Gaillard, Philippe; Mwanyumba, Fabian; Verhofstede, Chris; Claeys, Patricia; Chohan, Varsha; Goetghebeur, Els; Mandaliya, Kishorchandra; Ndinya-Achola, Jeckoniah; and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Vulnerability of women in an African setting: lessons for mother-to-child HIV transmission prevention programmes, Gaillard Philippe, Melis Reinhilde, Mwanyumba Fabian, Claeys Patricia, Muigai Esther, Mandaliya Kishorchandra, Bwayo Job, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Delayed interval delivery in multiple pregnancies, Frauke M. A Van der Straeten, Katrien De Ketelaere, and Marleen Temmerman

Submissions from 2000

Link

Pattern of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Risk Factors Among Women Attending an STD Referral Clinic in Nairobi, Kenya, KAROLINE FONCK, NANCY KIDULA, PATRICK KIRUI, JECONIAH NDINYA-ACHOLA, JOB BWAYO, PATRICIA CLAEYS, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Pattern of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Risk Factors Among Women Attending an STD Referral Clinic in Nairobi, Kenya, KAROLINE FONCK, NANCY KIDULA, PATRICK KIRUI, JECONIAH NDINYA-ACHOLA, JOB BWAYO, PATRICIA CLAEYS, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of monthly azithromycin prophylaxis to prevent sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 in Kenyan sex workers: study design and baseline findings, K Fonck, R Kaul, J Kimani, F Keli, K S. MacDonald, A R. Ronald, F A. Plummer, P Kirui, J J. Bwayo, E N. Ngugi, S Moses, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Partner notification of pregnant women infected with syphilis in Nairobi, Kenya, P Gichangi, K Fonck, C Sekande Kigondu, J Ndinya Achola, J Bwayo, D Kiragu, P Claeys, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Exposure to HIV-1 during delivery and mother-to-child transmission., Gaillard, Philippe; Verhofstede, Chris; Mwanyumba, Fabian; Claeys, Patricia; Chohan, Varsha; Mandaliya, Kishorchandra; Bwayo, Job; Plum, Jean; and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Effect of a syphilis control programme on pregnancy outcome in Nairobi, Kenya, Marleen Temmerman, p Gichangi, K Fonck, L Apers, P Claeys, L Van Renterghem, D Kiragu, G Karanja, J Ndinya Achola, and J Bwayo

Submissions from 1999

Link

Validity of the vaginal discharge algorithm among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Nairobi, Kenya, K Fonck, N Kidula, W Jaoko, B Estambale, P Claeys, J Ndinya- Achola, P Kirui, J Bwayo, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding emergency contraception among nurses and nursing students in two hospitals in Nairobi, Kenya, Peter B. Gichangi, Joseph G. Karanja, Christine S. Kigondu, Karoline Fonck, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

HIV/STD: the women to blame? Knowledge and attitudes among STD clinic attendees in the second decade of HIV/AIDS, J Rakwar, N Kidula, K Fonck, P Kirui, J Ndinya Achola, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

HIV/STD: the women to blame? Knowledge and attitudes among STD clinic attendees in the second decade of HIV/AIDS, J Rakwar, N Kidula, K Fonck, P Kirui, J Ndinya-Achola, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Declining syphilis prevalence in pregnant women in Nairobi since 1995: another success story in the STD field?, Marleen Temmerman, K Fonck, F Bashir, I Inion, J O Ndinya- Achola, J Bwayo, P Kirui, P Claeys, and L Fransen

Link

Risk factors for human papillomavirus and cervical precancerous lesions, and the role of concurrent HIV-1 infection, Marleen Temmerman, M W. Tyndall, N Kidula, P Claeys, L Muchiri, and W Quint

Link

Predicting Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Using Risk Scores, Physical Examination, Microscopy, and Leukocyte Esterase Urine Dipsticks Among Asymptomatic Women Attending a Family Planning Clinic in Kenya, Mark W. Tyndall, Nancy Kidula, Jessica Sande, John Ombette, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Predicting Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Using Risk Scores, Physical Examination, Microscopy, and Leukocyte Esterase Urine Dipsticks Among Asymptomatic Women Attending a Family Planning Clinic in Kenya, MARK W. TYNDALL, NANCY KIDULA, JESSICA SANDE, JOHN OMBETTE, and Marleen Temmerman

Submissions from 1998

Link

Preventing Abortion and Repeat Abortion with the Gynefix Intrauterine Implant System — Preliminary Results, I Batar, D. Wildemeersch, M Vrijens, W Delbarge, Marleen Temmerman, and B A. Gbolade

Link

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from men with urethritis in Kenya, CLAEYS G, TAELMAN H, GICHANGI P, TYNDALL M, OMBETE J, VERSCHRAEGEN G, and Marleen Temmerman

Link

Systematic analysis of STD control: an operational model., P Rao, F Y. Mohamedali, Marleen Temmerman, and Fransen L

Link

Zidovudine to prevent mother-to-infant HIV transmission in developing countries: any questions?, P Van der Stuyft, M Boelaert, and Marleen Temmerman