Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in children aged 2-16 years in Karachi, Pakistan
Document Type
Article
Department
Paediatrics and Child Health
Abstract
We analysed the data from the control group in a typhoid vaccine trial in Karachi to assess the differences in individual-, household-and cluster-level characteristics for developing typhoid fever. The annual incidence of typhoid in children aged 2-16 years in the control arm of the vaccine trial was 151/100 000 population. After adjustment, the risk of typhoid was lower with increasing age [risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83-0.95], was higher with an increase in population density (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.05-1.21) and was lower in the households using a safe drinking-water source (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.41-0.99). Typhoid fever affects younger children living in areas of high population density and lack of access to safe water in Pakistan. A combination of environmental and biological interventions is required to prevent the continued epidemiological and economic impact of typhoid fever in high-risk areas of Pakistan.
Publication (Name of Journal)
Epidemiology and Infection
Recommended Citation
Khan, M.,
Ochiai, R.,
Soofi, S.,
Von-Seidlein, L.,
Khan, M.,
Sahito, S.,
Habib, A.,
Puri, M.,
Park, J.,
You, Y.,
Ali, M.,
Nizami, S.,
Acosta, C.,
Bradley-Sack, R.,
Clemens, J.,
Bhutta, Z. A.
(2012). Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in children aged 2-16 years in Karachi, Pakistan. Epidemiology and Infection, 140(4), 665-672.
Available at:
https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_women_childhealth_paediatr/130