Submissions from 2023
A framework for advancing sustainable magnetic resonance imaging access in Africa, Udunna C. Anazodo, Jinggang J. Ng, Boaz Ehiogu, Johnes Obungoloch, Abiodun Fatade, Henk J. M. M. Mutsaerts, Mario Forjaz Secca, Mamadou Diop, Abayomi Opadele, and Edward Nganga
Comparison of radiographic and CT appearances of covid-19 pneumonia and influenza pneumonia in a sub-Saharan Africa population, Samuel Gitau, Edward Nganga, Paul Kareithi, Jasmit Shah, and Rodney Adam
Dorsal pancreas agenesis, an incidental finding during acute appendicitis diagnosis; A case report, Willbroad Kyejo, Ally Zain Ismail, Sajida Panjwani, Nancy Matillya, Ahmed Jusabani, Adil Datoo, and Pilly Ally
Dorsal pancreas agenesis, an incidental finding during acute appendicitis diagnosis: a case report, Willbroad Kyejo, Allyzain Ismail, Sajida Panjwani, Nancy Matillya, Ahmed Jusabani, Adil Datoo, and Pilly Ally
Submissions from 2022
Assessment of Cardiac, Vascular, and Pulmonary Pathobiology In Vivo During Acute COVID‐19, Shirjel R. Alam, Sudhir Vinayak, Adeel Shah, Jeilan Mohamed, Redemptar Kimeu, Felix Riunga, Sylvia Gachoka, Rodney Adam, Mariah Obino, Khalid Makhdomi, Kevin Ombati, Edward Nganga, and Samuel Gitau
Assessment of cardiovascular & pulmonary pathobiology in vivo during acute COVID-19, Shirjel Alam, Sudhir Vinayak, and et al
Optimal fasting duration to effectively suppress physiological 18f- Fluorodeoxyglucose (fdg) myocardial uptake on a positron emission tomography scan., Fatima Abdullahi Ali
A case report of minimally invasive percutaneous ultrasound guided tuberculous iliopsoas abscess drainage in an immunocompromised patient, Allyzain Ismail, Neelam Ismail, Athar Ali, Shabbir Adamjee, Ahmed Jusabani, and Zainab Fidaali
A case report of minimally invasive percutaneous ultrasound guided tuberculous iliopsoas abscess drainage in an immunocompromised patient, Allyzain Ismail, Neelam Ismail, Authar Ali, Shabbir Adamjee, Ahmed Jusabani, and Zainab Fidaali
Incidence and characteristics of stroke in Zanzibar-a hospital-based prospective study in a low-income island population, Jutta M Adelin Jørgensen, Dirk Lund Christensen, Karoline Kragelund Nielsen, Halima Saleh Sadiq, Muhammad Yusuf Khan, Ahmed Jusabani, and Richard Walker
To err is human; acute appendicitis a mistaken clinical identity for metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma, a case report, Ahmed Jusabani, Neelam Ismail, Zainab Fidaali, Ramadhani Mjejwa, Tausi Maftah, and Ally Zain Ismail
Couvelaire uterus in a previable pregnancy: Complication in abruptio placenta, case series from Tanzanian tertiary hospital, Vicky Kapesi, Brenda Moshi, Willbroad Kyejo, Ahmed Jusabani, Miriam Mgonja, and Munawar Kaguta
Endovascular management of a congenital hepatic arterioportal malformation in a low resource setting, Poonamjeet Loyal and Ravjit Sagoo
Activity of the spleen and bone marrow in relation to cardio-pulmonary injury in patients with acute covid-19 evaluated by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging, Florence Mouy, Rachel Scott, Ahmed El-Medany, Sudhir Vinayak, Khalid Makhdomi, Kevin Onyinkwa, Mariah Obino, Edward Nganga, Anoop SV Shah, and Samuel Gitau
Association between CT severity score and clinical severity score of Covid-19 pneumonia at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Paul Kareithi Nduati
Utility of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Predictor of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer in a Sub-Saharan African Population, Mariah Obino, Edward Chege, Sudhir Vinayak, and Samuel Nguk
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: Case series of a rare disease in an African setting, Davis Rubagumya, Miriam Mgonja, Munawar Kaguta, Ahmed Jusabani, Muzdalfat Abeid, and Nancy Matillya
The association of age at menarche and adult height with mammographic density in the International Consortium of Mammographic Density, Sarah V. Ward, Anya Burton, Rulla M. Tamimi, Ana Pereira, Maria Luisa Garmendia, Marina Pollan, Norman Boyd, Isabel dos-Santos-Silva, Sudhir Vinayak, and Rose Ndumia
Submissions from 2021
CardiOvaScular Mechanisms In Covid-19: methodology of a prospective observational multimodality imaging study (COSMIC-19 study), Shirjel Alam, Anoop Shah, Kevin Onyinkwa, Edward Nganga, Samuel Gitau, Khalid Makhdomi, Michael Chung, and Sudhir Vinayak
The Etiology of Pneumonia in HIV-uninfected Children in Kilifi, Kenya: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study, Juliet O. Awori, Alice Kamau, Susan Morpeth, Sidi Kazungu, Micah Silaba, Joyce Sande, Angela Karani, Sammy Nyongesa, Salim Mwarumba, and Robert Musyimi
Takayasu arteritis: A rare cause of chronic headache, Linda Barasa, Adil Salyani, Jillo Bika, Fred Otieno, and Dilraj Sokhi
World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) Policy Document Development Strategy – Clinical Practice Guidelines, Position Statements and Technological Reviews (on behalf of the WFUMB publication committee and Executive Bureau), Christoph Dietrich, Jacques Abramowicz, ... ..., and Sudhir Vinayak
Thinking Outside Malaria: A Rare Case of Disseminated Cysticercosis With Cardiopulmonary Involvement From Urban Tanzania, Frederick R. Lyimo, Ahmed Jusabani, Hilda Makungu, Maria Mtolera, and Salim Surani
Estimation of patient radiation doses from multi-detector computed tomography angiography procedures in Tanzania, J E. Ngaile, P K. Msaki, S A. Suleiman, F M. Chuma, W E. Muhogora, W E. Muhogora, and Ahmed Jusabani
Effect of Lowering Tube Potential and Increase Iodine Concentration of Contrast Medium on Radiation Dose and Image Quality in Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography Procedure: A Phantom Study, Justin E. Ngaile, Peter K. Msaki, Evarist M. Kahuluda, Furaha M. Chuma, Jerome M. Mwimanzi, and Ahmed Jusabani
Negative Appendectomy Rate in Urban Referral Hospitals in Tanzania: A Cross-sectional Analysis of Associated Factors, Masawa Klint Nyamuryekung’E, Ali Syed Muhammad Akhtar, Miten Ramesh Patel, Aidan Njau, Omar Sherman, Ahmed Jusabani, and Ali Akbar Zehri
Fetal growth velocity standards from the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project, Eric Ohuma, José Villar, ... ..., International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (INTERGROWTH-21st Project), and Sudhir Vinayak
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Childhood Epilepsy at a Tertiary Hospital in Kenya, Pauline Samia, Nicholas Odero, Maureen Njoroge, Shem Ochieng, Jacqueline Mavuti, Sheila Waa, and Samson Gwer
Collet-Sicard syndrome due to concurrent extramedullary intracranial plasmacytoma and jugular venous sinus thrombosis in multiple myeloma, Dilraj Sokhi, Caroline Wangui Mithi, Farah Ebrahim, Adil Salyani, Sheila Waa, and Riyat Malkit
Compliance to imaging follow up recommendations among patients with bi-rads 3 breast lesions, Florence Thuita
A Curriculum Model for Multidisciplinary Training of Midwife Sonographers in a Low Resource Setting, Sudhir Vinayak, Marleen Temmerman, Geert Villeirs, and Sharon M. Brownie
Routine third-trimester ultrasound for the detection of small-for-gestational age in low-risk pregnancies (ROTTUS study): randomized controlled trial, Sikolia Wanyonyi, James Orwa, H. Ozelle, J. Martinez, Eunice Atsali, Sudhir Vinayak, Marleen Temmerman, and F. Figueras
Theses/Dissertations from 2020
Achieving accurate estimates of fetal gestational age and personalised predictions of fetal growth based on data from an international prospective cohort study: a population-based machine learning study, Russell Fung, Jose Villar, ..... ......, International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (INTERGROWTH-21st), and Sudhir Vinayak
Urinary bladder metastasis from breast cancer: a rare cause of hematuria, Samuel Gitau, Allan Njau, and Sitna Mwanzi
[PDF] from medultrason.ro Full View Medical student ultrasound education, a WFUMB position paper, part II. A consensus statement of ultrasound societies, Beatrice Hoffmann, Michael Blaivas, ....... ......, and Sudhir Vinayak
Ogilvie syndrome: peculiar manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in non-institutionalized middle age female in Tanzania, Ahmed Jusabani, Mubashir Alavi Jusabani, Dhanji Karsan Patel, Dilipkumar Anant Pradhan, Kaushik Laxmidas Ramaiya, and Salim Ramzan Surani
Myocardial Echinococcosis: Rare Manifestation of a Common Parasitic Disease in Northern Tanzania, Ahmed Jusabani, Clement F. Kalambo, Mubashir Jusabani, and Salim Surani
Discordance between breast imaging and histopathology findings after ultrasound guided core needle biopsy, Margaret Mutinda Mwania
Spectrum of imaging findings in AIDSrelated diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Edward Nganga and Samuel Gitau
Combining strain elastography with conventional ultrasound to improve the diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules, Faraaz R. Shariff
Submissions from 2019
Education in Global Health Radiology, Melissa P. Culp, Rebecca Stein-Wexler, Mai Elezaby, Gillian Battino, David J. Axelrod, Rose Ndumia, and Brett Murdock
Point-of-care measurements reveal release of purines into venous blood of stroke patients, Nicholas Dale, Faming Tian, Ravjit Sagoo, Norman Phillips, Chris Imray, and Christine Roffe
Medical Student Ultrasound Education: A WFUMB Position Paper, Part I, Christoph F. Dietrich, Beatrice Hoffmann, Jacques Abramowicz, Radu Badea, Barbara Braden, Vito Cantisani, Maria C. Chammas, Xin-Wu Cui, Yi Dong, and Sudhir Vinayak
First Africa non-communicable disease research conference 2017: sharing evidence and identifying research priorities, Kenneth Juma, Pamela A. Juma, Shukri F. Mohamed, Jared Owuor, Ann Wanyoike, David Mulabi, George Odinya, Maureen Njeru, and Gerald Yonga
Bone scintigraphy imaging of cardiac amyloidosis, Issa Menge Kuria, Samuel Gitau, and Khalid Makhdomi
99mTc-Tetrofosmin dual phase study for detection of parathyroid adenoma and comparison with 99mTcO4/99mTc-Tetrofosmin dual tracer technique, Khalid Makhdomi
Comparison of quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis for interpretation of lower‑limb lymphoscintigraphy, Edward Nganga and Khalid Makhdomi
A case of retroperitoneal fibrosis secondary to chronic periaortitis, Mariam Omar, Naushad Karim, and Saeed Samnakay
Effect of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the incidence of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia and clinically-defined pneumonia in Kenyan children: an interrupted time-series analysis, Micah Silaba, Michael Ooko, Christian Bottomley, Joyce Sande, Rachel Benamore, Kate Park, James Ignas, Kathryn Maitland, Neema Mturi, and Anne Makumi
Ethnicity and characteristics of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), Sudhir Vinayak
How to excel in running a COE, Sudhir Vinayak
Submissions from 2018
Imaging in the pre-operative staging of ovarian cancer, Francesca Castellani, Edward Nganga, Lucy Dumas, and Susana Banerjee
Mammographic Breast Density and Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: The Kenyan-African Aspect, Asim Jamal, Maeve Mullooly, Shahin Sayed, Rose Ndumia, Innocent Abayo, James Orwa, Ronald Wasike, Zahir Moloo, and Gretchen L. Gierach
Prevalence of hepatic steatosis as diagnosed on unenhanced abdominal computed tomography, N Karim, R Adam, and Sudhir Vinayak
Lower limb lymphoscintigraphy patterns among patients with lower limb lymphedema: a pictorial essay, Edward Nganga, Samuel Gitau, and Khalid Makhdomi
The satisfactory growth and development at 2 years of age of the INTERGROWTH-21st Fetal Growth Standards cohort support its appropriateness for constructing international standards, José Villar, Leila Cheikh Ismail, .... ....., and Sudhir Vinayak
Collaborative task-sharing to enhance the Point-Of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) access among expectant women in Kenya: The role of midwife sonographers, Sudhir Vinayak and Sharon Brownie
Submissions from 2017
Mammographic density and ageing: A collaborative pooled analysis of cross-sectional data from 22 countries worldwide, Anya Burton, Gertraud Maskarinec, Beatriz Perez-Gomez, Celine Vachon, Hui Miao, Martín Lajous, Ruy López-Ridaura, Megan Rice, Ana Pereira, Maria Luisa Garmendia, Rulla M. Tamimi, Kimberly Bertrand, Ava Kwong, Giske Ursin, Sudhir Vinayak, Rose Ndumia, and Shivaani Mariapun
WFUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography: Part 4. Thyroid, David Cosgrove, Richard Barr, Joerg Bojunga, Vito Cantisani, Maria Cristina Chammas, Manjiri Dighe, Sudhir Vinayak, Jun-Mei Xu, and Christoph F. Dietrich
Point of Care Ultrasound: A WFUMB Position Paper, Christoph F. Dietrich, Adrian Goudie, Liliana Chiorean, Xin Wu Cui, Odd Helge Gilja, Yi Dong, Jacques S. Abramowicz, Sudhir Vinayak, Susan Campbell Westerway, Christian Pállson Nolsøe, Yi-Hong Chou, and Michael Blaivas
Thyroid ultrasound: State of the art part 1 - Thyroid ultrasound reporting and diffuse thyroid diseases, Manjiri Dighe, Richard Barr, Jörg Bojunga, Vito Cantisani, Maria Cristina Chammas, David Cosgrove, Xin-Wu Cui, Yi Dong, Franziska Fenner, Maija Radzina, Sudhir Vinayak, Jun-Mei Xu, and Christoph F. Dietrich
Correlation between Ovarian Volume and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome using Ultrasound., Ndecho Muriuki Guandaru
Ultrasound training in Developing Countries, Needs, What is Done? What We Have to Do? The Past, the Present, the Future, Wiem Douira Khomsi, Giovanna Ferraioli, Franca Melloni, Azza Hammou, Ibtissem Bellagha, Sudhir Vinayak, and Kofo Soyebi
Isolated Portal Venous Hepatocellular Carcinoma, John Mutai, Twahirwa Nebayosi, Joyce Sande, and M. V. Shah
Antenatal Umbilical Coiling Index and Newborn Outcomes: Cohort Study, Josephine Mwikali Ndolo, Sudhir Vinayak, Micah Ominde, and William Stones
Comparison of Image Quality in High Pitch Free Breathing Versus Standard Pitch Breath-Holding Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography., Kevin Onyinkwa Ombati
Association between Calcaneal Spurs and Plantar Fasciitis: A Study Comparing Heel Plain Radiography and Sonography, Micah Silaba Ominde
Prostate-specific Antigen as a Risk Factor for Skeletal Metastasis in Native Ethnic African Men with Prostate Cancer: A Case-control Study, Mahmood Qureshi, Khalid Makhdomi, and William Stones
Ultrasound shear wave elastography and liver fibrosis: A Prospective Multicenter Study, Joyce Sande, Suleman Verjee, Sudhir Vinayak, Farin Amersi, and Munir Ghesani
Current Status of WFUMB COE in Kenya, Sudhir Vinayak
Elastography Evaluation of Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Hepatitis B, Sudhir Vinayak
Mediterranean and African Society of Ultrasound-Status in Their Region, Sudhir Vinayak
Training midwives to perform basic obstetric pocus in rural areas using a tablet platform and mobile phone transmission technology, Sudhir Vinayak
Training Midwives to Perform Basic Obstetric Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Rural Areas Using a Tablet Platform and Mobile Phone Transmission Technology—A WFUMB COE Project, Sudhir Vinayak, Joyce Sande, Harvey Nisenbaum, and Christian Pállson Nolsøe
Diagnostic Value of Complementary Strain Elastography in the Classification of Breast Masses, Sarah Muthoni Wambui
Submissions from 2016
Mammographic density assessed on paired raw and processed digital images and on paired screen-film and digital images across three mammography systems, Anya Burton, Graham Byrnes, Jennifer Stone, Rulla M. Tamimi, John Heine, Celine Vachon, Vahit Ozmen, Ana Pereira, Maria Luisa Garmendia, Christopher Scott, John H. Hipwell, Caroline Dickens, Joachim Schüz, Mustafa Erkin Aribal, Kimberly Bertrand, Ava Kwong, Graham G. Giles, John Hopper, Beatriz Pérez Gómez, Marina Pollán, Soo-Hwang Teo, Shivaani Mariapun, Nur Aishah Mohd Taib, Martín Lajous, Ruy Lopez-Riduara, Megan Rice, Isabelle Romieu, Anath Arzee Flugelman, Giske Ursin, Samera Qureshi, Huiyan Ma, Eunjung Lee, Reza Sirous, Mehri Sirous, Jong Won Lee, Jisun Kim, Dorria Salem, Rasha Kamal, Mikael Hartman, Hui Miao, Kee-Seng Chia, Chisato Nagata, Sudhir Vinayak, Rose Ndumia, Carla H. van Gils, Johanna O. P. Wanders, Beata Peplonska, Agnieszka Bukowska, Steve Allen, Sarah Vinnicombe, Sue Moss, Anna M. Chiarelli, Linda Linton, Gertraud Maskarinec, Martin J. Yaffe, Norman F. Boyd, Isabel dos-Santos-Silva, and Valerie A. McCormack
Cloud-processed 4D CMR flow imaging for pulmonary flow quantification, Raluca G. Chelu, Kevin Wanambiro, Albert Hsiao, Laurens E. Swart, Teun Voogd, Allard T. van den Hoven, Matthijs van Kranenburg, Adriaan Coenen, Sara Boccalini, Piotr A. Wielopolski, Mika Vogel, Gabriel P. Krestin, Shreyas S. Vasanawala, Ricardo P.J. Budde, Jolien W. Roos-Hesselink, and Koen Nieman
High Prevalence of Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Monoinfection and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hepatitis-B Co-infection as Assessed by Shear Wave Elastography: Study at a Teaching Hospital in Kenya, Samuel Gitau, Sudhir Vinayak, Micah Ominde, Rodney Adam, and Reena Shah
The epilepsy treatment gap in rural Tanzania: A community-based study in adults, Ewan Hunter, Jane Rogathi, Simukai Chigudu, Ahmed Jusabani, Roger G. Whittaker, William Gray, Richard J.Q Richard J.Q.McNally, Eric Aris, Declare Mushi, and Richard Walker
Malignant Pervascular Epitheloid Cell Tumor (PEComa), Presenting as a Large Intra-Abdominal Mass in a Young Woman: A Case Report and Review of Literature, Asim Jamal, Majid Sikosana, Samuel Nguku, and Zahir Moloo
Lung functions among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Dar es Salaam – a cross-sectional study, Mohamed Manji, Grace Shayo, Simon Mamuya, Rose Mpembeni, Ahmed Jusabani, and Ferdinand Mugusi
Antiphospholipid Antibodies and the Risk of Stroke in Urban and Rural Tanzania A Community-Based Case–Control Study, Quirijn de Mast, Jessica E. Molhoek, André J. van der Ven, William K. Gray, Philip G. de Groot, Ahmed Jusabani, Ferdinand Mugusi, Rolf T. Urbanus, and Richard W. Walker
International Consortium on Mammographic Density: Methodology and population diversity captured across 22 countries, Valerie A. McCormacka, Anya Burton, Isabel dos-Santos-Silva, John H. Hipwell, Caroline Dickens, Dorria Salem, Rasha Kama, Mikael Hartman, Charmaine Pei Ling Lee, Kee-Seng Chia, Vahit Ozmen, Mustafa Erkin Aribal, Anath Arzee Flugelman, Martín Lajous, Ruy Lopez-Riduara, Megan Rice, Isabelle Romieu, Giske Ursin, Samera Qureshi, Huiyan Ma, Eunjung Lee, Carla H. van Gils, Johanna O.P. Wanders, Sudhir Vinayak, Rose Ndumia, Steve Allen, Sarah Vinnicombe, Sue Moss, Jong Won Lee, Jisun Kim, Ana Pereira, Maria Luisa Garmendia, Reza Sirous, Mehri Sirous, Beata Peplonska, Agnieszka Bukowska, Rulla M. Tamimi, Kimberly Bertrand, Chisato Nagata, Ava Kwong, Celine Vachon, Christopher Scott, Beatriz Perez-Gomez, Marina Pollan, Gertraud Maskarinec, Graham Giles, John Hopper, Jennifer Stone, Nadia Rajaram, Soo-Hwang Teo, Shivaani Mariapun, Martin J. Yaffe, Joachim Schüz, Anna M. Chiarelli, Linda Linton, and Norman F. Boyd
Sonographic estimation of the prevalence of Hepatic Steatosis in HIV Monoinfected patients at Aga Khan University Nairobi., Bernadette Wambui Muthee
Prevalence of Hepatic Steatosis as Diagnosed on Unenhanced Abdominal CT, Naushad H. Karim Sokwalla
Musculoskeletal imaging insight 2015: Kenya, Kathryn J. Stevens, Kavulani Mutiso, Luca Maria Sconfienza, and Johnny Monu
International estimated fetal weight standards of the INTERGROWTH‐21st Project, J. Stirnemann, J. Villar, ..... ......, and Sudhir Vinayak
Submissions from 2015
PP01 International pooling project of mammographic density-insights of a marker of breast cancer risk from 22 diverse countries, A Burton, I dos Santos Silva, J Hipwell, .... ..., and Sudhir Vinayak
Cysticercosis and epilepsy in rural Tanzania: a community-based case–control and imaging study, Ewan Hunter, Kathryn Burton, Ahmed Ahmed, Daniel Daniel, Margaret Jackson, Jane Rogathe, Ahmed Jusabani, William Gray, Eric Aris, Gathoni Kamuyu, Patricia P. Wilkins, Charles R. Newto, and Richard Walker
Prevalence of suspicious ultrasound findings in patients with mammographic focal asymmetry at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Jacqueline Ndunge Mavuti
Uterine fibroid embolization for symptomatic fibroids: study at a teaching hospital in Kenya, John Mutai, Sudhir Vinayak, William Stones, Nigel Hacking, and Charles Mariara
Ultrasound evaluation of umbilical coiling index in second trimester of gestation and its association with small for gestational age status at birth, Josephine Mwikali Ndolo
Comparison of quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis for interpretation of lower limb lymphoscintigraphy, Edward Chege Nganga
Reproducibility of measuring amniotic fluid index and single deepest vertical pool throughout gestation, Joyce Sande, C. Ioannou, I. Sarris, E. O. Ohuma, and A. T. Papageorghiou
Submissions from 2014
Development and Validation of the Identification and Intervention for Dementia in Elderly Africans (IDEA) Study Dementia Screening Instrument, William K. Gray, Stella Maria Paddick, Aloyce Kisoli, Catherine L. Dotchin, Anna R. Longdon, Paul Chaote, Maria Samuel, Ahmed Jusabani, and Richard W. Walker
The utility of a tablet computer device in comparison to a standard high resolution monitor for reporting CT KUB images, Kenneth Kiriinya Ibeere
The role of inflammation in contrast-induced nephropathy, Elijah Kwasa, Sudhir Vinayak, and Robert Armstrong