Document Type
Article
Department
Institute for Human Development
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of conditions with their onset during the early developmental period and include conditions such as autism and intellectual disability. Occurrence of NDDs is thought to be determined by both genetic and environmental factors, but data on the role of environmental factors for NDD in Africa is limited. This study investigates environmental influences on NDDs in children from Kenya. This case-control study compared children with NDDs and typically developing children from two studies on the Kenyan coast. We included 172 study participants from the Kilifi Autism study and 151 from the NeuroDev study who had a diagnosis of at least one NDD and 112 and 73 with no NDD diagnosis from each study, respectively. Potential risk factors were identified using unadjusted univariable analysis and adjusted multivariable logistic regression. Univariable analysis in the Kilifi Autism study sample revealed hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy conferred the largest odds ratio (OR) 10.52 [95%CI: 4.04, 27.41] for NDDs, followed by medical complications during pregnancy (gestational hypertension & diabetes, eclampsia, maternal bleeding) (OR=3.17 [95%CI: 1.61, 6.23]). In the NeuroDev study sample, labor and birth complications (OR=7.30 [95%CI 2.17, 24.61]), neonatal jaundice (OR=5.49 [95%CI 1.61,18.72]) and infection during pregnancy (OR= 5.31 [95%CI 1.56, 18.11]) conferred the largest risk associated with NDDs. In the adjusted analysis, seizures before age 3 years in the Kilifi Autism study and labor and birth complications in the NeuroDev study conferred the largest increased risk. Higher parity, the child being older and delivery at home were associated with a reduced risk for NDDs. Recognition of important risk factors such as labor and birth complications could guide preventative interventions, developmental screening of at-risk children and monitoring progress of these children. Further studies examining the etiology of NDDs in population-based samples, including investigating the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, are needed.
Publication (Name of Journal)
PLOS Glob Public Health
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003806
Recommended Citation
Kipkemoi, P.,
E. Savage, J.,
Gona, J.,
Rimba, K.,
Kombe, M.,
Mwangi, P.,
Kipkoech, C.,
Mkubwa, B.,
Abubakar, A.,
Newton, C.
(2025). Socio-medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on the Kenyan coast. PLOS Glob Public Health, 1-21.
Available at:
https://ecommons.aku.edu/eastafrica_ihd/224
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